Hyperventilation 5 Vostfr- (Plus • 2026)

¹ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, City, Country ² Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital, City, Country ³ Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Science, City, Country

The framework proposes a five‑axis model:

[Your Name], MD, PhD¹; [Co‑author Name], MD²; [Co‑author Name], PhD³ Hyperventilation 5 VOSTFR-

Hyperventilation, VOSTFR, respiratory physiology, acute care, targeted therapy, ventilatory control 1. Introduction Hyperventilation, defined as an increase in alveolar ventilation that exceeds metabolic CO₂ production, leads to arterial hypocapnia (PaCO₂ < 35 mmHg) and a cascade of neuro‑vascular and metabolic effects (Brown & Smith, 2021). While often benign, severe or prolonged episodes can precipitate cerebral vasoconstriction, tetany, arrhythmias, and, in extreme cases, loss of consciousness (Klein et al., 2020).

To validate the 5 VOSTFR‑ model in a prospective cohort of adult patients presenting with acute hyperventilation and to assess the efficacy of a targeted, axis‑specific therapeutic algorithm. To validate the 5 VOSTFR‑ model in a

Each axis can be scored (0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe) yielding a composite (0–15). The suffix “‑” denotes the presence of a dominant axis (the one with the highest individual score) that guides therapeutic priority.

Baseline characteristics were balanced (Table 1). Baseline characteristics were balanced (Table 1)

A multicenter, observational–interventional study was conducted across three tertiary hospitals (n = 312). Patients were stratified using the VOSTFR‑ scoring system (0‑20 points) based on bedside physiological measurements and validated questionnaires. Axis‑specific interventions (e.g., controlled rebreathing for “Ventilatory,” beta‑blockade for “Sympathetic,” evaporative cooling for “Thermoregulatory”) were administered to a randomized sub‑cohort (n = 156). Primary outcome: time to normalization of arterial PaCO₂ (35–45 mmHg). Secondary outcomes: symptom resolution, length of emergency department (ED) stay, and adverse events.