[6] IEEE Std 1459-2010, “IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions.”

[4] R. S. Khandpur, Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation , 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014 (Chapters on transducers and signal conditioning).

The core challenge in electrical instrumentation is that no measurement is exact. Every reading contains some deviation from the true value due to limitations of the instrument, the observer, and the environment. Therefore, a competent electrical engineer must not only know how to connect instruments but also understand the limitations, uncertainties, and proper interpretation of results.

[3] JCGM 100:2008, “Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” (GUM), Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology.