for buck, and analogous for boost. A floor of 0.5 MHz prevents sub‑harmonic oscillations; a ceiling of 5 MHz caps switching losses. The perceptron computes:
where σ is the ReLU function. Offline training minimizes mean‑square error (MSE) over a IPVR-264
– A zero‑voltage‑transition (ZVT) driver ensures that the MOSFETs turn on/off when their drain‑source voltage is near zero, suppressing shoot‑through. A soft‑switch capacitor C_ZVT stores the gate charge, enabling sub‑nanosecond turn‑on times. 3.2 Adaptive Controller (ACC) The ACC is implemented in a 6‑bit micro‑coded finite‑state machine (FSM) operating at 500 kHz. Its three functional units are: for buck, and analogous for boost